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How Long Should You Rest Between Sets? Research
Without adequate rest, subsequent sets suffer significantly in quality and volume.
Without adequate rest, subsequent sets suffer significantly in quality and volume.
TL;DR: Your training goal determines optimal rest periods. For strength: 2-5 minutes to maintain performance. For muscle building: 1-3 minutes, with longer periods often better for maintaining volume. For endurance: 30-60 seconds for trained individuals, up to 90 seconds for beginners.
Quick Read: If you want to jump directly to your specific scenario & understand its scientific reasoning, here are the key sections:
For most people starting their fitness journey, rest periods can be quite confusing. It's not always clear whether to follow the clock or simply listen to your body. With so much noise around training tips, especially on social media, it's easy to rest too little or too much, which can slow down your progress or make your workouts far less effective than they could be.
However, science tells us that rest between sets is highly dependent on your training goals and individual factors.
When training for maximum strength or power, longer rest periods consistently outperform shorter ones. Research examining loads between 50-90% of one-rep max found that 3-5 minutes between sets allowed lifters to complete significantly more repetitions across multiple sets compared to shorter intervals.
A 2021 study with 60 recreationally trained men tested different rest periods during upper body exercises. The results showed that rest of about 120 seconds produced significantly more repetitions than 90 seconds or 60 seconds. The differences were substantial enough to impact total training volume.
The physiological reason why longer rests are in many cases better is that your muscles' energy stores (phosphocreatine) need time to replenish. While 90% of these stores can regenerate within a minute, complete restoration takes longer. Therefore, when you cut rest short, each subsequent set starts from an energy deficit.
For power development specifically, some research suggests breaking traditional sets into smaller blocks. Instead of performing 6 consecutive reps, for instance, try doubles or triples with 20-50 seconds between mini-sets. This approach helps maintain velocity and explosiveness throughout the session.
Conventional wisdom long held that shorter rest periods (30-90 seconds) were superior for muscle growth, primarily due to greater acute hormone responses. For example, this 2008 narrative review showed that training with moderate loads with brief rest intervals triggered larger growth hormone spikes.
However, recent experimental studies reject this idea. For instance, this 2021 research by Matos and colleagues shows that shorter rest intervals do not promote better muscle hypertrophy. They conclude that acute hormonal response doesn't necessarily translate to superior long-term muscle growth. What matters more is your ability to maintain training volume and intensity over time.
The research on rest periods for muscular endurance shows conflicting results that depend heavily on training experience. One study found that 30-second rest periods produced greater improvements in high-intensity cycle endurance compared to 90 seconds or 3 minutes, but this was in moderately trained individuals. Conversely, this other study, albeit a bit older, showed that 90-second rest periods were superior to 30 seconds for bench press endurance in untrained people.
The pattern suggests that beginners benefit from slightly longer rest periods (60-90 seconds) that allow for better technique and less psychological stress. Trained individuals, however, may need the metabolic challenge of shorter rest periods to continue progressing.
The challenge with very short rest periods is maintaining target rep ranges. Research using 15-rep max loads with 30-second rest showed dramatic performance drops; reps fell from 15 to just 2-6 by the fifth set. When this happens, you may need to reduce loads between sets to stay in the endurance zone.
Recent research on perceived exertion reveals that rest period length doesn't significantly impact how hard sets feel. Instead, your proximity to failure and accumulated fatigue drive perceived difficulty.
Put simply, how long you rest between sets doesn’t really change how hard the workout feels. What matters more is how close you are to muscle failure, which is a key trigger for getting your body to adapt to your goal. If you’re already tired from a previous set, it’s unlikely you’ll be able to exert enough tension to stimulate growth or strength gains effectively.
Emerging research on self-selected rest periods suggests that when total session time is controlled, letting athletes choose their own rest intervals can be as effective as fixed prescriptions while improving training enjoyment.
This finding suggests that if you're not feeling recovered after your normal rest period, extending it by 30-60 seconds probably won't hurt your results. Conversely, if you feel ready earlier, cutting rest slightly might be fine.
The research suggests there's no one-size-fits-all when it comes to rest periods.
For strength and power: 2-5 minutes between sets to allow near-complete phosphocreatine recovery and maintain high intensity across multiple sets. This is especially important for compound movements and heavy lifting.
For hypertrophy: 1-3 minutes between sets. While shorter rest periods (30-90 seconds) can work, longer rest periods (2-3 minutes) may be superior by allowing you to maintain training volume and intensity. Focus on total weekly volume rather than metabolic stress from short rest periods.
For endurance: 30-60 seconds between sets for trained individuals, up to 90 seconds for beginners. The goal is to challenge your ability to work under fatigue while maintaining reasonable form and target rep ranges.
Rather than watching the clock religiously, pay attention to your performance. If your reps or velocity drop significantly from set to set, you likely need more recovery time. The goal is optimizing total training stimulus, not adhering to arbitrary time constraints.
Your rest periods aren't just time between sets—they're a crucial part of the training session itself.
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